Kingdom Monera
The organisms included in this kingdom are microscope and prokaryotic, having a primitive type of nucleus. (Pro = first formed, karyon = nucleus) Prokaryotic nucleus is also called nucleoid and is not well organised. It is without nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, histone proteins and true chromosomes. (Only DNA is present).
The cell wall is rigid and composed of peptidoglycan. These organisms are unicellular as in eubacteria or filamentous as in cyanobacteria. The cells are without membrane-bound cell organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondria, etc. These organisms are either motile (the locomotion is due to gliding movement or flagella. Cilia are absent) or non-motile.
The organisms exhibit different modes of nutrition like autotrophic, heterotrophic, parasitic or saprophytic. The autotrophs are either photoautotrophs e.g. cyanobactetia or chemoautotrophs e.g. Thiobacillus.
The mode of reproduction in Monera is either asexual or with the help of fission or budding. (Sexual reproduction, mitosis and meiosis are absent)
Kingdom monera examples
- Archaebacteria e.g. - Methanobacillus, Thermoplasma, etc.
- Eubacteria e.g. - Rhizobium, Clostridium, etc.
- Cyanobacteria e.g. - Nostoc, Anabaena, etc.
- Actinomycetes e.g. - Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, etc.